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Sensitive Emotional Beings

Equines are such sensitive emotional beings.  I feel we often underestimate how sensitive they really are, and it can take potent reminders for us to put things in perspective.

My donkeys are travelling through the various stages of transitioning from a life of confusion, fear and pain.  They are slowly learning to feel safe, to have a voice and most importantly, to be listened to.  They are getting used to a life that is the opposite of what they used to live.

I’ve described before about horses transitioning to R+ and squeezed it into a nutshell.  I am experiencing it all over again with my donkeys.  Even though I’ve been through it before, I now have more knowledge, empathy and expertise than I did then.  I’m learning and evolving all the time, or I hope I am!  But it means that I am noticing even more nuance in the learning AND emotional transition my donkeys are experiencing.

Seymour

From being afraid and untrusting and running away, they started running towards me.  From flinching and ducking their heads, they target my hand.  From turning away from me when I enter their paddock, they are giving me that distinct laser beam stare of animals who like and value their human, including those enormous donkey ears pricked towards me.  The most special moment was the day I arrived at their paddock, said my usual high pitched “hello”, they raced up and Dorothy brayed right in my face – it was a joyful and very loud sound!!

But it can be a bumpy ride to the other side.

The first bump that I’m aware of, was when everything was going well; training, scratches, hanging out, cuddles and lots of different food enrichment thanks to me going out foraging for the donkeys.  But a strong reminder that my donkeys and I had a long way to go, happened with Seymour.  It could very easily seem like nothing, but it was a big deal to Seymour and so it was a big deal to me as well. 

I had picked some forage – ornamental ginger that I knew my horses liked and presented it to the donkeys, but they were not very excited about it.  Seymour stayed close and kept checking if it was edible and while we were standing together companionably, I noticed a lot of flies biting him on the leg.  Biting flies are a big problem with donkeys.  I used the bunch of stalks and leaves I was holding to gently brush the flies from his legs.  He acted as if I had applied an electric shock and ran away!  Silly me thought something natural like some stalks and leaves would be totally fine.  What was I thinking?!  After that, he was scared and wary of me and did not want to engage and kept his distance from me.  His behaviour was even more interesting, as I had been battling very bad fly strike and had been touching, spraying and applying cream to both the donkey’s legs previously.  But that treatment had all been done in a structured way with food.

This was a big dent in our relationship.  I can’t even call it a withdrawal from our trust account, because quite frankly at this stage, I was working hard to get the whole of humankind out of the red.  I suspect that up to that point, my donkeys were still scared of me to an extent and were taking food and training, but their emotional response had not changed yet.

I was very sad to realise I had scared him and broken the very tiny amount of trust I had so carefully built.  I realised how truly fragile our relationship was and how much work I had ahead of me.

We continued after this and I feel like I had to re-tread old ground and work hard to make it up to Seymour.

Then just as things were going great, I went away for 4 days.  I was co-hosting a multi species animal training workshop and I left my donkeys.  My husband took over their feeding and although I know my husband would never intentionally scare my donkeys, just being a man and a stranger may have been enough to scare and unsettle them.

When I arrived home, it seemed like I had been gone weeks or months as far as my donkeys were concerned.  They alternated between scared, aggressive, kind of angry/annoyed and super super excited that I was back.  The first day when they realised it was me and they heard the rattle of my box clicker and saw the food pouch, they both literally leapt for joy.  They ran and ran and bucked and raced to stand at the gate and breathe very heavily in my face.

Dorothy “talking”

But all is not well yet.  As the transition from fear to food continues, it brings up old memories and triggers fear and painful memories, which then bubble up.  They need to be experienced and processed as no longer a concern, but it can be challenging and scary.  They are learning that even though I left, I have returned, and their routine of fun and food continues.

The next step in the transition is to learn they have a voice.  Anyone who has been repeatedly shut down, not listened to or forced, needs to learn that their own behaviour can indeed affect outcomes.  When I tried to spray a graze on Dorothy’s knee, without permission, without training or preparation and without food, I got kicked.  Not a bad kick, but a graze – a warning and a reminder.  If I am going to rehab these animals from trauma, I need to actually take their feelings into consideration!

What was I thinking?!  I wasn’t and we all make mistakes.  I’m lucky that either Dorothy is a bad shot or a really excellent one and she chose to give me a warning and not break my knee cap.  I’m always conscious of safety and always do things and stand in places that are the safest for me and have the least fallout for all of us if things go pear shaped.  I’m very glad my poor decision contributed to nothing more serious than a grass stain on my pants.

Dorothy gave me a valuable and timely reminder.  They are not yet moved over to the bright side.  They are still transitioning from the dark side.  They still need to learn to trust that humans are reliable and dependable and only mean good things.

The problem is that there is no measure of time on how long this will take.  There is a definite process in all of this, but trauma does take as long as it takes to be processed and to be put in the past.  It is urgent to get their hooves trimmed, get them off grass, get them exercised, their teeth done and generally be able to look after their everyday needs.  But I can only go as fast as their precious and sensitive donkey hearts and minds are able to go, after the many years of life experience they have under their donkey belts.

Pauline Keil
Whispering Horse

First day – eating willow branches

Transitioning

Often when we transition horses over to Positive Reinforcement training and attempt to remove as many, if not all aversives from our horse’s lives, we hit a very big bump!

We can decide that we have turned into a butterfly and everything will be rainbows and unicorns from now on – but our horses don’t actually know or understand this yet.

As far as they are concerned, the world continues to be the confusing scary place it always was and they’ve been conditioned to see humans as things to be feared.

We start to give our horses choices and let them find their voice and all of a sudden our horses are either afraid, angry, out of control, confused, unco-operative or just downright not fun to be around anymore.

This is because we have turned their world upside down. Often the reason horses end up being Learned Helpless and shut down is because they are sensitive, they react to things and being trained and handled in the traditional and adversarial way creates more fear and reactivity, not less. People often don’t actually teach horses, they just expect them to do and be what they want them to be. What people then do is escalate what they are doing, they escalate the aversives, the punishment, what they expect the horse to do and put up with and of course, they prevent escape. Instead of escape and avoidance of unpleasant stimulus (aversives), the horse has no escape and no choice and they shut down.

When we transition them over to force free approaches, they are expected to respond, offer behaviour and just well, learn stuff. Never have they been asked to do that before around humans – it’s very confronting, confusing and just plain frightening!! They must surely feel like the ground has crumbled under their feet.

All the fear, worry, anxiety, lack of control and escape comes bursting out of them in a big surge of emotion and behaviour. It’s important we take things slowly, get experienced professional help and most importantly from someone who understands Respondent, as well as Operant Conditioning. Our horses literally need to learn how to learn all over again. Their brains are musty and cobwebby and their emotions have been bricked up behind a wall. It’s going to take the time it takes for them to learn and feel ok about it all, about everything.

This might mean we give them some down time to just be a horse, it might mean we do some simple basic training such as training behind a barrier and dropping some fibre pellets in a bucket and each time our horse looks up at us expectantly, we click and drop some more pellets in the bucket. Do that over and over and don’t think they are not learning anything, they are learning lots. They are learning you are a good and safe person to be around, you bring nice things and that their behaviour matters. They learn that they can control their environment, such as you, and the outcome of their behaviour, they learn that when they look at you, they hear a noise and they get food. That’s pretty cool and pretty fun and it’s easy. You get to admire their beautiful face and they get to learn to like you and learn to like training as well.

This is an example of some simple relationship building training you can do with your equine. This training can form the basis of some foundation behaviours, such as conditioning the clicker (marker signal), teaching a default ‘standing still facing forward’ behaviour, hoof targets (stationing), you can introduce a nose target and you can teach ground tying by working on duration, distractions and distance.

When we transition ourselves and our horses, it’s a huge learning curve. Be kind to yourself and your horse – especially if you suspect they may be shut down. Horses awakening from a place where they learnt that the only way to survive was to keep their head down and not react and not let their feelings be known, will find their voice in earnest!!

So be prepared and be forgiving. We may be paying for the sins of others or ourselves, but either way, our horses had no choice. All we can do is be kind to ourselves and them and put one foot in front of the other, and clicker train!!

Pauline Keil
Whispering Horse

Equine Enrichment – My Journey into Arts, Crafts & Landscaping

Clicker training is lots of fun for our horses, but providing enrichment opportunities is another fabulous way for humans to get creative, have fun and enrich our horses’ lives. Join me on a journey of recycling, foraging and earthworks !

I really love playing around with different enrichment options and dreaming up new ways to enhance their environment as well. There are many easy, fun and cheap ways we can provide stimulation and entertainment for our horses. Often the simple things can be the most entertaining. I have ideas for food puzzles and toys all the way through to environmental enrichment on a bigger scale. It’s best to start with one or two things at a time and most importantly ensure the horse understands how to engage with the item without frustration. Always remember to regularly remove items and refresh or replace with something different, to avoid habituation – where they stop noticing the object in their environment.

Equine enrichment means adding or changing their environment with different substrates and terrain, social interaction with their own species and also other species, sensory experiences such as essential oils and herbs, providing puzzles and toys to fulfil their need for mental and physical stimulation and provide opportunities for contrafreeloading as well as offering a variety of foods to browse, taste and explore.  This means that many species choose to ‘work’ for their food, rather than have it just served up to them. Giving them opportunities to enjoy species specific behaviour will ultimately contribute to their overall health and wellbeing. I feel very strongly about taking a whole horse approach to equine ownership/care.

I’ll include some ideas – but this is not an exhaustive list, more to get your creative juices flowing! I’ll provide some photo and video examples and at the bottom, will add links to further Resources and Further Reading. Please note that some of these ideas are for supervised play only, please use your discretion.

  • frozen blocks containing fruit and/or vegetables in fruit juice or herbal teas
  • slow feeder hay nets, puzzle feeders and fruit and vegetables on a rope
  • bobbing for fruit or vegetables
  • Likits, jolly balls, ball feeders, Kong wobblers, snuffle mats, ball pits or make your own
  • various grasses, weeds and browse (branches & leaves) scattered and hidden – checking they are safe and not toxic (see Resources)
  • hide hay and safe treats in boxes, hay nets or under loose hay
  • dog chews, ropes and slow feeder toys
  • dab various scents and essential oils in their environment or train scent detection
  • grow a herb garden or hedgerow
  • obstacles to step over and climb on
  • scratch posts
  • small and large stones, mud, sand and sawdust for walking on and rolling in
  • river crossing, hill climbs, bridges, platforms and teeter totters
  • misting station
  • purpose made horse balls or human yoga balls
  • water play with a hose or sprinkler
  • scratches and massage – there are purpose made gloves or use a spaghetti server

I was inspired by the book and concept of Jaime Jackson’s Paddock Paradise and I created a track system for my own horses for part of the year.  One of the many enrichment ideas I’ve implemented in this theme, is the misting station. We enjoy very hot dry summers in Australia, so this has been a popular addition and source of enrichment for my horses every year. The fun they have under the mist and the energetic antics of my horses afterwards is not only enriching for them, but a lot of fun to watch as well!

Misting station
Horses cooling down

A sand roll is wonderful for back scratches and varied terrain with abrasive surfaces can help condition hooves and give horses a dry place to stand during winter.

Variations in surfaces create interest, hoof conditioning, exercise and even stretching.


Let our imagine run wild as to what we can build and/or provide in their environment.

Stones, bridges and obstacles all add interest and exercise.

Simple changes such as creating scratching poles with cheap rubber doormats or putting hay in slow feeder nets, can contribute to an overall improved lifestyle.

Toys and puzzles are fun and easy – buy or make your own!
(Supervision may be required with some toys and puzzles.)

Sometimes we need to help them to learn how to play with puzzles.

Sourcing and offering different types of food and browse is fun for everyone!

The ultimate enrichment is enjoying the company of their own species!

Finally, training with Positive Reinforcement (clicker) training is another way to add enrichment to our horses’ lives, as well as helping to build a strong and trusting relationship through mutual enjoyment.

Resources

A guide to toxic and non toxic plant lists, compliments of the ASPCA –
https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/horse-plant-list

A useful guide to plants poisonous to horses –
http://www.horsecouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Plants-Poisonous-to-Horses-Aust-field-guide.pdf

Ideas on Pinterest –
https://www.pinterest.com.au/search/pins/?q=equine%20enrichment&rs=typed&term_meta[]=equine%7Ctyped&term_meta[]=enrichment%7Ctyped

Trial different food flavours and find the most popular with your horse – “Selection and acceptance of flavours in concentrate diets for stabled horses”, Goodwin, H.P.B. Davidson, P. Harris –
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159105000973

Herbal Hedgerow –

https://www.mcdowellsherbal.com/treatments/for-horses/516-herbal-hedgerow-for-healthy-happy-horses?fbclid=IwAR1bhnkoY747J9rA-6p0rD2ICAf-unbJzUZG0GQZaWrp-1-cDXFlw3ug408

Further Reading

Environmental Enrichment for the Horse: The Need to Forage, Louise Nicholls, International Association of Animal Behaviour Consultants (IAABC) –

https://iaabcjournal.org/the-need-to-forage/?fbclid=IwAR1Ey4eWQTVywQRF1taZXQuIGSc2DfDLC17-GsscuCZ1JDVyNzOoXl1snv0

Equine Behaviour & Training Association, Environmental Enrichment – What Does My Horse Really Need To Be Happy In Domestication? –

http://www.ebta.co.uk/faq-enrichment.html?fbclid=IwAR0n3UOrvOmSbxWK-u5W7SoQcMUEehGj9LXtv6iQNW5J5AwQWGXhLv8IBes#footnote-7

Equine Enrichment – IAABC Self Study Course –
https://m.iaabc.org/courses/equine-enrichment/?fbclid=IwAR18eN5YzpY7ffNTC_h3QG43a-Iqthh9OYafh886otrLIZwh_lseJiDcbAQ

Group Living for Equines, IAABC –

https://winter2017.iaabcjournal.org/group-living-for-equines/?fbclid=IwAR2ONcRRm7oXdm9FptqOUHjEd7CnvTizZuLmPRKZnzd_Qbx3uLCqnqQRLmM

Environment Enrichment,
The Donkey Sanctuary’s Guide to Enriching the Lives of Donkeys and Mules –
https://view.pagetiger.com/EnvironmentalEnrichmentforDonkeys/EnvironmentEnrichmentfordonkeys?fbclid=IwAR2IuymlwAl1FYmGyQJN_pZp-91n3FO9xypEJUXJpJ21tSvHF_uxB7JzZ0c